What Is Da Shi Ye
Da Shi Ye—also called Face-Burning Deity, Flaming-Mouthed Ghost King, or Pudu Gong—is one of the most iconic guardian figures in Hungry Ghost Festival (Yulan) ceremonies. Though his appearance is fierce, he symbolizes compassion, keeping wandering spirits in order so offerings reach those truly in need.
Roots in Buddhist Scriptures
The earliest record of Da Shi Ye comes from the Buddhist sutra “Dhāraṇī for Rescuing the Flaming-Mouthed Hungry Ghost.”
According to the tale, Buddha’s disciple Ananda saw a terrifying ghost with a burning face who warned him of impending misfortune. The Buddha taught Ananda a ritual of food offerings and chanting to relieve the suffering of hungry ghosts. The flaming-mouthed ghost king, after receiving offerings, vowed to protect Dharma assemblies—thus becoming Da Shi Ye.
Evolution in Folk Belief
As Buddhism spread to China and Southeast Asia, Da Shi Ye blended with Daoist and local traditions:
- Manifestation of Guanyin: Many believe Da Shi Ye is a transformation of Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva, using a fierce form to prevent chaos among spirits.
- Central Figure in Yulan Festivals: Large paper effigies of Da Shi Ye often dominate the ceremony grounds as a protective presence.
- Sending Off the Deity: At the close of the festival, communities burn the paper effigy—known as “Sending Da Shi”—symbolizing the completion of the universal salvation ritual.
Iconography and Symbols
- Appearance: Blue-green face, fanged mouth, bulging eyes, a fearsome but protective visage.
- Headgear: Often bears a small statue of Guanyin, signifying his compassionate nature.
- Attire & Implements: Depicted in armor or robes, wielding swords or banners to command spirits.
- Meaning: Represents both discipline and mercy—scaring away malevolent ghosts while ensuring fair distribution of blessings.
Da Shi Ye in Malaysia and Southeast Asia
In Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, Yulan festivals almost always feature Da Shi Ye. Towering paper statues—sometimes several meters tall—serve as visual focal points and cultural markers, drawing communities together in acts of remembrance and charity.
Spiritual Message
Da Shi Ye’s story teaches:
Cultural Continuity: Honoring Da Shi Ye preserves filial piety and shared heritage.
Compassion & Charity: Giving can avert misfortune and bring peace to the departed.
Order & Harmony: Even the spirit world thrives on fairness and discipline.
